Health-related Quality of Life and Related Factors among Rural Residents in Cambodia

Quality of life (QOL) is a universal, complex, and multidimensional concept used globally that encompasses the physical, psychological, social and spiritual dimensions of an individual's current life circumstances (1). QOL should be evaluated as an individual's culture and value systems in relation to his/her goals, expectations, standards and concerns (2). In order to support health improvement and develop health promotion activities in a community or culture, an understanding the factors that determine good quality of life is necessary and integral to addressing health equality. Understanding these factors in rural communities and regions is particularly important, as HRQL tends to be poorer among residents of rural areas than among those living in urban environments (3); farmers, for example, have demonstrated a poorer quality of life when compared to other working groups (4). Cambodia is primarily a rural, agrarian country, with 80% of its 14.68 million inhabitants living in rural regions, in addition, almost half (45.9%) of the country's population lives in poverty (5). The study of rural residents' HQRL should be conducted across cultural groups since HRQL can vary due to the diversity of residential environments , as well as the economic, social and cultural infrastructures that determine individual lifestyles (6). Until now, however, no apparent studies have been conducted to investigate HRQL and its related factors among the rural population in Cambodia. This community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to provide baseline data on HRQL and to understand its related factors among rural Cambodian residents, using a random sample of 223 people in the Krouch Chmar district in Kampong Cham, a province of Cambodia in 2015. The surveyed participants were adults, 18 yr of age and older, lived in the district for more than 5 yr. The study was structured using Ander-sen's behavioral model, which depicts contextual characteristics, individual characteristics, and health behaviors affecting perceived health and evaluated health (7). HRQL was measured by the WHO Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) translated into Khmer (Cambodian language) by the International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO) for use in a multi-country study using WHO protocols; this questionnaire is composed of physical, psychological , social relationships, and environmental domains. Each domain in the WHOQOL-BREF survey has a score range of 4-20, with a higher score indicating better quality of life. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses were employed .